Elbow dysplasia is a common orthopedic condition affecting pets, particularly dogs, which involves abnormal elbow development, leading to pain, lameness, and arthritis. Our Fusion Veterinary Orthopedics specialist Dr. David Dycus believes in educating pet parents about their four-legged friend’s health, and our team provides this information about elbow dysplasia so you can understand the cause, recognize the signs, and learn about available treatment options.

What is elbow dysplasia in pets?

The elbow is made up of the radius, ulna, and humerus, and if developmental abnormalities prevent these bones from fitting together perfectly, abnormal weight distribution within the joint occurs, leading to pain, lameness, and eventually arthritis. Elbow dysplasia is an umbrella term for various conditions that can cause the joint to develop abnormally. Conditions involved in elbow dysplasia include a fragmented coronoid process, osteochondrosis, joint incongruity, cartilage anomalies, and an ununited anconeal process. One or more conditions can affect an elbow joint, and in most cases, both elbows are involved. 

What causes elbow dysplasia in pets?

Elbow dysplasia’s exact cause is not known. However, the condition is likely a multifactorial disease involving contributing factors such as:

  • Genetic predisposition — Elbow dysplasia is heritable, meaning that genetics play a significant role in a dog’s risk factor for having this disorder. Breeds, such as German shepherd dogs, Bernese mountain dogs, and golden and Labrador retrievers, have a high risk for the condition because of a genetic predisposition.
  • Rapid growth — Rapid growth and weight gain during puppyhood can put excessive stress on developing joints, increasing elbow dysplasia risk.
  • Nutritional factors — An imbalanced diet, particularly one that is overabundant in calories or calcium, can contribute to abnormal joint development.
  • Injury — Elbow joint trauma during a dog’s developmental stage can lead to malformation and subsequent dysplasia.

What are elbow dysplasia signs in pets?

Elbow dysplasia signs can vary in severity and may not be initially obvious. Affected pets develop a front limb lameness that often worsens after exercise. Other signs you may notice include stiffness, particularly after resting, difficulty rising from a resting position, and swelling around the elbow joint. In many cases, both elbows are affected, which can make recognizing lameness difficult since the pet’s gait is not asymmetric. Pets who have elbow dysplasia in both front limbs may exhibit exercise intolerance or refuse to complete walks.

How is elbow dysplasia diagnosed in pets?

Elbow dysplasia is common in pets and your furry pal may need several diagnostic tests to confirm that they have the disorder. Elbow dysplasia diagnosis typically involves:

  • Physical exam — A thorough physical exam can reveal pain, swelling, and reduced range of motion in the elbow joint.
  • Imaging — X-rays are typically used to assess the elbow joint’s structure and identify abnormalities. Advanced imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) scans, may be required for a more detailed evaluation.
  • Arthroscopy — Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that Dr. David Dycus performs to visualize the inside of the joint and assess the damage’s extent. The procedure can also be used for treatment purposes.

How is elbow dysplasia treated in pets?

Elbow dysplasia treatment aims to alleviate pain, improve joint function, and slow arthritis progression. Options include:

  • Weight management — Affected pets must be kept at a slim body condition score to reduce stress on the joints. 
  • Medications — Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other pain relievers can help manage pain and inflammation.
  • Physical therapy — Physical therapy, such as controlled exercises and hydrotherapy, can improve joint mobility and muscle strength.
  • Supplements — Dietary supplements, such as omega-3 fatty acids, glucosamine, and chondroitin sulfate, may relieve some joint discomfort and stiffness.
  • Lifestyle modification — Making changes to your environment, such as providing your pet with ramps and supportive bedding, can help manage their signs and improve your pet’s quality of life.
  • Surgery — In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove bone fragments, correct joint incongruities, or replace the joint.

If your pet is favoring a front limb or they are unenthusiastic about their daily walks, contact our Fusion Veterinary Orthopedics team so Dr. David Dycus can determine if your pet has elbow dysplasia and devise an effective management plan.